ANATOMY OF UPPER LIMB

Bones Of Upper Limb:

The total number of bones in upper extremity is consist of 64.

      1.    Shoulder and arm : 10 bones

      2.   Wrist : 16 bones

      3.   Hand bones : 38

v The 10 shoulder and arm bones are the clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, and ulna on each side.

v The 16 wrist bones are the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate on each side.

v The 38 hand bones are the 10 metacarpal bones and 28 phalanges (finger bones).

Upper limb is divided into three regions.

The arm, located between the shoulder and elbow joints.The forearm, which is between the elbow and wrist joints.The hand, which is located distal to the wrist.

ANATOMY OF ARM

           The entire arm is divided into two regions,

o  The upper portion above the elbow known as the upper arm and the lower portion below the elbow known as the forearm

o  Elbow: This hinged joint allows the arm to open up to 180 degrees at full extension.

o  Forearm: The forearm is the area between the wrist and the elbow. The muscles in the forearm rotate, flex, and extend the wrist.

o  Wrist: Located in the upper hand, eight carpal bones, along with multiple muscles and tendons, form this intricate area.

o  Hand: With five fingers, the hand allows humans to do much more complicated tasks.

    Joints Of Upper Limb

1.    Acromioclavicular joint

2.    Sternoclavicular joint.

3.    Shoulder joint.

4.    Elbow joint.

5.    Radio-ulnar joint.

6.    Wrist joint.

Humerus

The humerus is the bone of the upper arm extending from the shoulder to the elbow. This long bone is essential for movement and support of the arm (upper extremity).The humerus exists on both arms and thus accounts for 2 bones of the human body.The humerus is divided into three portions, the rounded head, the narrow neck, and the processes known as the tubercles.The humerus is essential for movement because it is the site of many muscle and ligament attachments.

Examples of muscles attaching to the humerus include,

§  Deltoid

§  Pectoralis major

§  Teres major

§  Latissimus dorsi

§  Biceps brachii

§  Brachialis

§  Coracobrachialis

§  Brachioradialis

Radius

The radius is the bone of the forearm or lower arm, extending from the elbow to the wrist.This bone is relatively long and curved, extending parallel to the ulna.Like the humerus, the radius' primary function includes motion of the arm and support of the arm.

The radius connects to many muscles, such as

§  Biceps,

§  Supinator

§  Flexor digitorum superficialis

§  Flexor pollicis longus muscles

§  Extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis

§  Extensor primi internodii pollicis

§  Pronator teres muscles

Furthermore, the radius is found on each arm thus contributing a total of two bones to the human body skeleton.

Ulna

The ulna is the third and final bone of the arm. This bone runs parallel to the radius from the elbow to the wrist. Like the other arm bones, the ulna is relatively long and slightly curved.The primary function of the ulna is allowing motion and supporting the arm.An ulna exists on each arm and thus contributes two bones to the total human body skeleton.The ulna is also the site of attachment for many muscles and ligaments.

Examples of muscles attaching to the ulna include

§  Triceps brachii muscle

§  Supinator muscle

§  Pronator teres muscle

§  Pronator quadratus muscle

§  Flexor digitorum superficialis muscle.